Perspectives on Church Government free essay sample

A model may sometimes be referred to as â€Å"polity†, the definition of a polity is â€Å"the form of government of a nation, state, church, or organization. † (The Free Dictionary n. d. ) Each model will be discussed and defended by an author, and later that chapter is rebutted by fellow authors, stating their opinions and rebuttals. (Brand and Norman 2004) The 5 Models of Church Government Single-Elder-Led Church This model is discussed by Daniel Akin, President of Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary. What does the Scripture say about the number of elders in a congregation? The Scripture didn’t specify whether there should be only a single elder in a congregation, but it has been noticed that the word is usually addressed in a plural manner, telling us that elders ruled as a collective body. Akin stated that it doesn’t matter how many elders there in a congregation, what’s important is who they are. We will write a custom essay sample on Perspectives on Church Government or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So what is a single-elder-led church, if elders ruled as a collective body? A single-elder-led church is a congregation where an elder is elected, not in rank, age, or importance, but rather in recognition by his people. He is recognized as a leader among other elders. An example given in the book is the book of Numbers Chapter 11, where Moses was directed by God to gather a group of elders to share the burden of judging the people. Akin noted, the elders shared the work with Moses but yet remained under him. (Brand and Norman 2004) What then is the strength of this polity? The elders’ authority is not based by their appointment from above, but by the people who recognized his leadership, moral standing, i. e. he was deemed worthy of leading by the people around him. This should bring a worthy and capable leader for the congregation. One who they know would be capable. The weakness I see from this model is the chance for an elder to implement an authority through autocracy. (Brand and Norman 2004) Presbytery-Led Church This chapter was written by Robert L. Reymond. The word Presbyterianism means governance by the elders. A Presbyterian church is led by a group or council of elders elected by their congregations. It is noted that when elders or overseers are elected, they will not carry out the congregation’s will but rather, rule in agreement with the Word of God, not primarily in agreement with the will of the congregation. Brand and Norman 2004, 95) Presbyterians have urged that there is evidence that the elders of local churches act together with other local congregations in the same area, forming a network like form of leadership. An example given by Reymond is the book of Acts 15:4, where the elders of Jerusalem acted under the name of â€Å"the church of Jerusalem†. This showed a connectional manner of leadership. So what is Connectionalism? It is where all leaders and congregations are connected in a network of loyalties and commitments that support, yet supersede, local concerns. (dictionary. sensagent. com n. d. This makes each and every congregation reflect mutual accountability, dependency, and submission among them (Brand and Norman 2004, 95). Reymond, the author, firmly believes that Presbytery-Led church model is â€Å"the most trustworthy, just and peaceful way for the church to determine its principles, its practices and its priorities and to resolve its differences. (Brand and Norman 2004, 135) How effective is this model? It is, at most times. It provides the most trustworthy, just, and peaceful way for the church to settle or determine its principles, practices, priorities, and resolve its differences. Looking at it this way, it seems to be really effective, where fair decisions are made by discussions and arguments on the assembly held and attended by different elders of local congregations. But one must think that different people hold different views, understandings or beliefs on some issues. For example, some of the elders may or may not agree on contraceptives. Once a decision is made about an issue, those who had a different view will be forced to accept the decision made by the council. (Brand and Norman 2004) Congregation-Led Church This model was discussed by James Leo Garrett, Jr. He begins the chapter by describing what a congregational-led church is: â€Å"that form of church governance in which final human authority rests with the local or particular congregation when it gathers for decision-making. This means that decisions about membership, leadership, doctrine, worship, conduct, missions, finances, property, relationships, and the like are to be made by the gathered congregation except when such decisions have been delegated by the congregation to individual members or groups of members. (Brand and Norman 2004, 157) Simply said, unlike the Presbyterian form of polity, the Congregational-led church’s decisions were made by the whole congregation, where each member expresses their opinion on each decision-making. Democracy, this is the strength of Congregational-led form of church government. Each and every member of a local congregation can express his or her own opinion on decision-making. Although they can voice out their opinions on the decisions being made by their local congregation, these ecisions only affect their congregation, therefore may cause minor differences between local congregations, this is the weakness of this polity. (Brand and Norman 2004) Bishop-Led Church The Bishop-led church, as the name suggests, is simply a polity by which the church is under the authority of a bishop. In this chapter, Paul F. M. Zahl, Dean and President of Trinity Episcopal School for Ministry, defended this polity by presenting the readers a thorough discussion about this polity. Unlike how the other polities were presented with the use of scriptures, Zahl used old traditions and logical structure of different churches around the world. He used this information as an argument to point out the truthfulness and the bene essse of churches governed by bishops. The strength of this polity is the â€Å"One individual, one man, can do it†. Because of this, Spain became successful of promulgating Christianity among to the whole nation because one good officer is sufficient to take charge of a whole mission. (Brand and Norman 2004, 231) On the other hand, the weakness of a bishop-led church is Prelacy which means the authoritarian â€Å"personal rule† of one man. This means that the bishop, instead of performing what is written in the doctrine, becomes overpowered by his self-centered ambitions thus, in turn becomes a tyrant on governing the church. (Brand and Norman 2004, 232) Plural-Elder-Led Church This model was defended by James R. White. This model has similarities to the Presbyterian form of church polity; both have local congregations led by a group or council of elders. The difference is, the Plural-Elder-Led church is independent, unlike the Presbytery-led church where they answer to higher council of elders. James White emphasizes the importance of self-sufficiency when it comes to governing local congregations. If a church cannot function independently or has to answer to a higher power, then the offices established in that church are seen to be unfit to govern the congregation. (Brand and Norman 2004, 259) It is also similar in many ways to the single-elder-led and the congregational forms of church government, such as being independent and making decisions within the local congregations, difference is in leadership. As the name suggests, the local congregation is led by a group or council of elders. Unlike the single-elder-led church, the plural-elder-led church is led by elders of equal ranks. (Brand and Norman 2004) The strengths of this kind of polity is that it seems to be supported by events or instances were written in the Scripture, one would think it would be the right form of church government because of this. An example would be from the book of Hebrews 13:17, the verse started with the words â€Å"Obey your leaders†. The weakness I see is that, would these elders always agree with each other? How would they deal with elders who fail to uphold their duties? How about the local congregation? Don’t they any say on matters being settled by the elders? They weren’t clear about this matter. My Church My church is Grove Missionary Baptist Church which is located in Chapel Hill, North Carolina. The polity followed by our church is Single-Led Church since the pastor is elected by the Church body as the leader of the Church in both spiritual and administrative, and different deacons are assigned to different tasks such as financial records, cleanliness of the church, etc. For the Organizational Structure, since the current Christian Education Department serves as the foundation for teaching, Bible Study, Sunday School, Missionary Department, First Aid, Department, Usher Board, Newsletter, Media Ministry, Fitness Ministry and Deaconess Ministries. Since the department has 10 different ministries in it, it somehow hampers the development of the department and its ministries, so I would recommend they be separated into auxiliaries so that they may recruit more and further develop themselves as separate departments. I would also consider reviewing the need of the Church Council in the structure of a Baptist Church because it is open for members from other Ministries and they might not be a good fit for a Church Council Member, meaning sometimes it can get a little political. As for its form of government, Id recommend not changing into another form or polity. I believe it may only cause confusion or unnecessary changes to an already effective church. Changing the form of government won’t necessarily improve what we do or want to teach. Conclusion â€Å"Christians do not all agree on just how churches are to be governed or structured† (Brand and Norman 2004, 11) says Stanton, one of the editors, because the New Testament doesn’t specify exactly how the church should be organized or managed. Thus, each model argues and claims to be the most authentic through Biblical authenticity, citing Biblical verses and events. (Brand and Norman 2004) One thing is for certain though, the Lord clearly stated in the Scripture how He wishes His churches to be managed. First, Christ is the head of church and its supreme authority according to Colossians 1:18, and second, these local churches will be governed by elders. The Lord gave specific instructions or qualifications for someone to be an elder according to Titus 1:5-9. (Got Questions?. org n. d. ) What matters is that every church, no matter the form of church government or polity, to remain true to the Scripture. And every elder, bishop, overseer, deacons, and believer will respect and follow the Word of God and that they would always worship and praise the Lord.

Collective Nouns and Verb Agreement in Spanish

Collective Nouns and Verb Agreement in Spanish Collective nouns - singular nouns that refer to more than one being or thing - arent consistently treated as either singular or plural in Spanish. Grammar Rules for Using Collective Nouns There is one grammar rule, however, that is clear: When the collective noun  is followed immediately by a verb, the noun is treated as singular. La gente cree que las cosas estn mal. (People believe things are bad).La muchedumbre fue manipulada. (The crowd was manipulated.)Sobre el papel, el equipo era muy competitivo. (On paper, the team was very competitive.) However, when there are words that intervene - especially de followed by a plural noun - Spanish speakers are inconsistent in the verbs they use. Authorities also disagree on which choice of verb is proper. Note the following examples, all found  through a search of mainstream Spanish-language web pages: Somos un grupo de personas que conforma la lista de correo electrà ³nico. (We are a group of people who belong to an email list.)Somos un grupo de personas que deseamos compartir con ustedes. (We are a group of people who wish to share with you.)Un rebaà ±o de nubes negras pasea por el cielo. (A group of dark clouds marches across the sky.)El rebaà ±o de hembras deben integrarse en el de los machos. (The herd of females ought to blend with one of males.)Cerca de la mitad de las personas en edad de jubilacià ³n en el mundo no reciben ningà ºn tipo de pensià ³n. (About half of the worlds people of retirement age will not receive any kind of pension.)La mitad de las empresas espaà ±olas realizar on line el 20 por ciento de sus transacciones. (Half of Spanish businesses will carry out 20 percent of their transactions online.)Una docena de chicos se alimenta en el basural. (A dozen children are feeding themselves in the dump.)Una docena de entidades crean una plataforma para impuls ar el laicismo. (A dozen entities are creating a platform to promote expanded use of the laity.) There are some authorities who indicate that the choice of singular or plural verb depends on whether it refers more to the group or to the individual entities that make up the group. But as you can see from the examples above, in real speech no such distinction is made.

Writer's choice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 31

Writer's choice - Essay Example l, they do that faster for some customers since they have the resources at hand, on the other hand if they do not have the materials that match the customers preference and urgency, they postpone the order until the time when they get the relevant materials that match the customers need, that is when they will accomplish the order. This matches to an up close of what the customer needs, they work on the difference between their service and whatever the customer exactly needs to make sure that the variation is minimal as per the customer and further forecasting the demand and make a level for it in the period it produces it. MRP system plays a major role in predicting what might lead to a significant difference from diverse seasons at give times. As a result, this forecasting capability may lead to a change in the inventory activities at that specific time. By the company realizing the fundamental components that its activities may require, it will subsidize the purchasing bill hence become more focused and specific to the materials needed in its operations. Given that they have prior information on the required materials, the company will not have to buy the unuseful materials which are thereof useless to the operation despite them being in the warehouse, thus, leading to a big waste of time and money. Work standardization and quality practices promote easy work implementation by the workers. Notably, if the work system process is indicated adequately and controlled well, the workers will have knowledge of what to do. This leads to them working it out in a smooth way giving out the best results

Speaking Tests Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Speaking Tests - Assignment Example The OPI is a face-to-face or telephonic interview that consists of three phases: a warm-up phase, a series of level checks and probes, and a wind-down phase. This is one of the most widely accepted tests for speaking ability and is used by government agencies (The Defense Language Institute, The Peace Corps), testing institutions (Educational Testing Service) and the Federal Interagency Language Roundtable. There are many advantages to the OPI system of testing. It is easy, quick and apparently accurately forecasts the degree to which a foreign-speaker will be able to communicate in English. Unlike written tests, it actually tests English speaking ability which, as with all languages, is completely separate from the ability to read and write. The test can be performed quickly and the tester can interview multiple people in a single session. This is particularly importance within the context in which this test is often given. Thus graduate students from foreign countries are often given the test before they can perform grading and/or teaching duties in American universities. Resources for such testing are limited, and so the ability for one tester to perform multiple tests in one day is vital. There are, however, detractors who ... Basically, Messick suggests that the OPI tests do not actually represent real-life conversations. Part of the problem with OPI tests are that they do not really reflect the sheer range of speaking that occurs in actual life. Thus there is monologic speaking (one person), dialogue speaking (two people) or multiple speakers, such as in a meeting with several colleagues. The OPI tests tend to test only one of these: the dialogue. As Brown (2003) and Bonk (2003) have suggested, some speakers do better with dialogue and some with discussion activities. A test that tests one over the other is bound to be somewhat limited in its scope. Another basic problem with this type of test (although it may in fact be shared with all speaking tests) is the variability of the interviewer and his/her affect upon the test results. Each interviewer will have a unique speech style, pattern and intonation that may help (or hinder) the interviewee (Brown, 2003). Thus the test result may be seen as a co-score reached by both the tester and the subject, rather than an accurate measure of the non-native sp eaker's communication prowess. This tendency may be countered by careful training of the tester and the equally careful process of self-evaluation and objective supervision which must occur. Within one center periodic test interviews can be undertaken in which the same candidate is tested by all the testers (with suitable renumeration of course) and the tests and then compared. If test results vary too much from the mean then some additional training etc, is perhaps needed. As McNamara (1997, 2002) suggests, the more educated, skillful and eloquent the

Social penetration theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Social penetration theory - Essay Example Their talk involves cliche like it has been long since we talked when they actually have little to say, life has been good it is always like that and you have grown so beautiful used at times to evade the actual topics that are personally involving. The conversations do not involve personal matters on a deeper level. Most comments during the orientation stage could be insincere or with very little sincerity or concern. The exploratory stage is where people give their opinion on light matters that are yet not deep. At this point only casual friendships develop out of social activity and conversations revolve around politics and the weather celebrities and public figures. Conversations may involve talk like I think the senator is doing a good job with his new project. Affective stage involves a lot of personal critical opinion. Persons start to express themselves and their emotion, what they like and what they do not like. They start to use the first person in statements for example, I am really not into bowling, and that man angers me or I like that girl. Relationships at this point may involve kissing and intimate touching and open statements of affection like I love you. At the stable stage, persons not only express themselves they also learn to read the other persons emotions and know what to do to please them and what to avoid doing to avoid displeasing them. At this stage personal matters are shared mutually and the people in the relationship know each other to a reasonable point (Atman, & Taylor 118). Depenetration is a radical stage where friendships may break apart. Here there is exploration in depth of the advantages of the relationship in the long run and its disadvantages. People making such decisions at this point make informed decisions. It is important that relationships be allowed to develop through the stages at their pace without being hurried to allow for the parties involved to freely share their information and develop a good platform of comm unication that is honest. Social disclosure allows for information to be shared at the sharing party’s free will. The information shared could involve activities one has been involved in or hopes to get involved in, the things they like and do not like. People share information depending on the level of trust they have developed in their counterparts and choose the information to share with them. They also consider the repercussions of sharing certain information even with their close friends(Atman, & Taylor 113). People share their personal information to reduce the impact of emotional or mental stress it has on them, to seek an opinion from a second party on major decisions or to gain moral support from close friends. Others expect to gain the confidence of their partners so much that those parties will involve them in their own experiences. Other times the disclosure may lead to the self-disclosing party being viewed differently in a better or taint reputation. The self-di sclosure process is therefore a risk by itself. It may involve very deep rooted emotions and beliefs, secrets and scarring moments of one’s past life. Relations grow with the parties’ ability to communicate. In most relationships people will try not to be a burden and even compromise their own situations to avoid conflict. There is an unspoken expectation by parties to gain confidence and trust from their partners. The relationships do not grow constantly and linearly all the same,

The benefits of Globalisation and International Trade

The benefits of Globalisation and International Trade Every coin has two sides, something like that in globalisation. We can see two sides; one is about the opportunities and second is the threats. Opportunities are the plus point for our organisation, but threats are not good for our organisation, thats why we need to knows the threats and devise strategies against the threats. In my assignment I will mention and explain here threats and organisations strategy in globalisation. Benefits of Globalisation Increase in Opportunities The opportunities for people increase by a large amount as the there is availability of large number of industries and resources. Globalisation makes more job opportunities for peoples this also opens the way for many people to moving abroad. Altimetry immigration rates increase as well. Thus it can say that this is the chance for many people to grow their economical and social life. For example, increase development in BPO sector in India there is more opportunity is now available for Indian public. competitive advantages for coca-cola company: An advantage of firm  has  over its competitors, allowing it  to generate greater sales or margins and/or  retain more customers than its competition.  There can be many types of competitive advantages including  the firms  cost structure, product offerings,  distribution network and customer support. For example, Pepsi is continually trying to maximize profits, minimize losses, and gaining more market share. Competitive advantage makes coca-cola stand out from its strong competitors such as Coca-Cola. Economies of Scale: If countries can specialise in certain goods they can benefit from economies of scale and lower average costs, this is especially true in industries with high fixed costs or that require high levels of investment. The benefits of economies of scale will ultimately lead to lower prices for consumers. For example, in UK the 10,000 mobile is made by 100 people and the cost of production is came 100,000 while in China same people make 50,000 mobile with same production cost. Challenges of Globalisation POLITICAL: In the overseas country you want to examine political policy for that organisation, which is coming from outside of their country because if the policy is rood and not in favour of good business environment, we cant expand our business in that country. We want also know the political stability of that country. Because if the government is working with other political parties, means in a situation of hung parliament they cannot taking decisions freely because of different thinking and different opinion. In this situation we want to change our strategies and change the country for our business. EXAMPLE: In India Enron project of UK established in west Bengal. It was a very big project. But because of internal politics project was stuck-down and company has got very big loss in very short time. After that they have left the project. Thats why we need to examine political stability and their behaviour for business environment. CULTURE: Culture is a main thing for every organization in the world. Like, dislike, different thinking, different languages, different food, different environment and different body structure Organization has to set their business in different condition. So they want train their employee, or select the employee of that country who are used to from it. EXAMPLE: In Pakistan their religious did not allow their women to wear fashionable cloths so the manufacture of fashion cloths are suffer for running their business successfully in Pakistan. DIFFERENT GOVERNMENT SYSTEM: Its a matter of low. Low about the tax, low about the income, and low about the government policy should be permanently. If we established our organization and after that they will change the low, we will affected by that and we will getting loss or our organization will collapse. Second thing is that before the business expands in other country we want to know the lows very well. EXAMPLE: If wine company established their organization in overseas country. But because of some reason government makes a new low against the wine. After that company or organization will collapsed. Question 2 Organisational Structure In an organization of any size or complexity, employees responsibilities typically are defined by what they do, who they report to, and for managers, who reports to them. Over time these definitions are assigned to positions in the organization rather than to specific individuals. The relationships among these positions are designed graphically in an organizational chart. The best organizational structure for any organization depends on many factors including the work it does; its size in terms of employees, revenue, and the geographic dispersion of its facilities; and the range of its businesses. As per globalisation there are mainly two structures are present. This structure is as: Divisional structure Matrix structure Network structure Mainly global company is use divisional structure for the organisation. There are two types of divisional structure means that the division is done by two different methods as, product division structure and geographical division structure. In product structure the division is done be product wise while in geographical structure the division is done by global region wise. But in general all structure has chairman, CEO, president, managers, etc. are in a proper manner which help organisation or company to achieve their goals. Based on net revenue, PepsiCo is the second largest food beverage business in the world which uses geographical structure. Within North America, PepsiCo is ranked (by net revenue) as the largest food and beverage business. Geographical division Structure Organizations that are spread over a wide area may find advantages in organizing along geographic lines so that all the activities performed in a region are managed together. In a large organization, simple physical separation makes centralized coordination more difficult. Also, important characteristics of a region may make it advantageous to promote a local focus. For example, marketing a product in Western Europe may have different requirements than marketing the same product in Southeast Asia. Companies that market products globally sometimes adopt a geographic structure. In addition, experience gained in a regional division is often excellent training for management at higher levels. From above structure of PepsiCo, inc. we can see that division is done in geographical region. At the top of the structure the chairman, president and CEO is president. And at the bottom of structure there is a different department like HRM, Finance, Manufacturing and Marketing. The person of bottom line has to report at the top persons. PepsiCo, Incorporated is a Fortune 500, American global corporation headquartered in Purchase, Harrison, New York, with interests in the manufacturing, marketing and distribution of grain-based snack foods, beverages, and other products. PepsiCo was formed in 1965 with the merger of the Pepsi-Cola Company and Frito-Lay, Inc. PepsiCo has since expanded from its namesake product Pepsi to a broader range of food and beverage brands, the largest of which include an acquisition of Tropicana in 1998 and a merger with Quaker Oats in 2001 which added the Gatorade brand to its portfolio as well. As of 2009, 19 of PepsiCos product lines generated retail sales of more than $1 billion each and the companys products were distributed across more than 200 countries, resulting in annual net revenues of $43.3 billion. This structure has been developed with as few layers between manufacturer, the dealer and the customer. By removing layers and giving leaders increased accountability, PepsiCo, inc. allow them to move faster and focus on what needs to be done. Section B Question 2: Business Ethics Ethics and compliance play a tremendous factor in the overall success of an organization. They are excellent tactics for building organizational trust and transparency. Ethics and compliance empowers the organization to minimize risk and maximize your culture of integrity. Role of Ethics and Compliance in Pepsi-Cola The Pepsi-Cola company is strongly committed to delivering sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust, (PepsiCo Inc.,  2010). Pepsi-Cola aspires to be a environmentally and socially responsible company and upholds their commitment with six guiding principles: Take care of the customers and consumers; sell high quality products; always speak the truth; equally balance both short-term and long-term goals; win with both inclusion and diversity, and always respect others and succeed as a team. The compliance committee is responsible for managing Pepsi-Colas compliance program, using issue resolution strategies and making recommendations to support them. The Chief Compliance Official and Vice President, lead the Pepsi-Cola compliance program, and chairs Pepsi-Colas compliance committee. The compliance is broken down into four sub-committees. These subcommittees include: Anti-trust- which focuses on the organizations sales; Safety and Environment- which focuses on operations, fleet, plants, and the personnel that staffs them; Human Resources- which primarily relates to labour issues and employment; Finance- which encompasses all financial integrity, recent overlay of Sarbanes-Oxley, and the requirements that has been placed on the company. PepsiCo Procedures Ensuring Ethical Behaviour PepsiCo is committed to strict corporate standards to ensure accountability for the company actions. This is evident by the many corporate governance standards in place. The processes and policies that are in place include the Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation, Audit Committee Charter, By-Laws, Compensation Committee Charter, Corporate Governance Guidelines, Disclosure Committee Charter, Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter, and the Policy for Audit, Audit-Related and Non-Audit Services. The Amended and Restated Articles of Incorporation states the guidelines of the incorporation process regarding PepsiCo Inc. This includes the proper name of the company; that the company is to have perpetual existence; the official address; and the purpose of the organization being incorporated along with the product description as stated by North Carolina law (PepsiCo Inc.,  2010). The Audit Committee charter is the charter that handles the financial governance. It is made up of independent directors that have expertise in financial literacy, which guide and monitor the financial reporting and accounting policies of the company (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). The next area of governance is the company by-laws. The by-laws are the rules and procedures the company uses to run the company. These by-laws also document the expectations of the shareholders, officers, and directors of the company and the rights and power of each position (PepsiCo inc., 2010). Along with setting the rights and pow ers of the executive branch of the company is the need for monitoring and setting policies on compensation; therefore, the compensation committee charter was put into place. This committee is made up of entirely independent directors (PepsiCo Inc., 2010). It is important to implement successful ethics and compliance guidelines in any organization. PepsiCo utilizes compliance committees and guidelines which help to take the guesswork out of building risk reduction and setting forth standards of the highest ethical standards to ensure that the organization is running at optimal effectiveness comprehensively. These committees helps the organization to also meet unique ethics and compliance requirements that delivers sustained growth through empowered people acting responsibly and building trust. Question 2 Recommendation and Regulation of Corporate Governance Corporate governance is a set of relationship between a companys management, its board, its shareholders and other stakeholders. Corporate governance provides a structure in favour of organisational objective, means they can set the structure with objectives and they can monitor the performance as well. Good corporate governance should provide proper incentives for the board and management to pursue objectives that are in the interest of the company and shareholders and should facilitate effective monitoring, thereby encouraging firms or companies to use resources more efficiently. Corporate governance means The system by which companies is directed and controlled (Cadbury report, 1992) Implement a suitable recommendations and regulations in an organisation for the organisational objectives. The Cadbury committee has four recommendations for good corporate governance. The responsibilities of directors: The primary objectives of the Directors of the Board of Directors (the Board) of General Motors Company (GM or the Company) are to: 1) identify individuals qualified to serve as members of the Board and, where appropriate, recommend individuals to be nominated by the Board for election by the stockholders or to be appointed by the Board to fill vacancies consistent with the criteria approved by the Board; (2) develop and periodically review and assess a set of corporate governance guidelines applicable to the Company and make appropriate recommendations to the Board for adoption and, where appropriate, modification of such principles; (3) oversee an annual evaluation of the performance of the Board; (4) recommend to the Board the compensation of directors; and (5) perform a leadership role in shaping the Companys corporate governance practices and provide oversight with respect to its corporate governance conduct. The case for establishing audit committee: The purpose of the audit committee is to assist the General Motors board of directors in its oversight of the integrity of GMs financial statements, GMs compliance with legal and regulatory requirements, the qualifications and independence of the external auditors and the performance of GMs internal audit staff and external auditors. The committee shall: Independently and objectively monitor the effectiveness of GMs financial reporting process and systems of disclosure controls and internal controls; Review and appraise the audit process of GMs external auditors and internal audit staff; Provide for open, ongoing communications regarding GMs financial position and affairs between the Board and the external auditors, GMs financial and senior management, and GMs internal audit staff; Review GMs policies and compliance procedures regarding ethics and legal risk; Oversee the preparation of the Audit Committee Report for the annual proxy statement (to the extent applicable); and Provide periodic status reports to the Board. The principal responsibilities of auditors: Discuss with management and the external auditors the annual audited financial statements and quarterly financial statements (to the extent applicable) prior to filing. This will include Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and GMs earnings announcements, including the use of pro forma or adjusted non GAAP information, as well as financial information and earnings guidance provided to analysts and rating agencies, and the results of the external auditors reviews. These discussions may be general, covering the type of information to be disclosed and presentation to be made, and need not take place in advance. The Committee may be represented by the Chair or a subcommittee to review earnings announcements. Companies Act 2006: This regulation was reviewed in 2002 and it was implementing in late 2006. The main aim was improvement of corporate governance in UK. They add some new provisions which effect to shareholders, directors, auditors and company Secretaries. The act draws on the findings of the company law review proposal. The main point is as follow. . Good communication with shareholders through electronic communication system by company. . Service address of directors can be on public record instead of their home address. . Shareholders are not fully responsible for directors liability. . .Articles of association is carrying simple for private company. . Company secretary is not necessary in private company. . AGM of private company hold in some situation. . Shareholders will get all information more regular. . Institutional investors to disclose how they can use their vote Financial Services Authority: This regulation was reviewed in September 2006 by Financial Service Authority. Area of discussed was- corporate governance, continuing obligations and the financial information. The Turner review was published in 2009.The points were risk free remuneration policy, increase the independence of risk management functions and none executive directors required a skill and time commitment to effectively perform their role. Conclusion In the global business world the strategy and resources are not enough to fulfil organisational objectives. Along with the benefit globalisation has some drawback as well. Business needs good corporate governance effective business ethics and appropriate organisational structure. All these factors push organisation objectives towards success.

Henrik Isbens A Dolls House Essay -- A Dolls House Essays

After she reveals the "dastardly deed" to her husband, he becomes understandably agitated; in his frustration he shares the outside world with her, the ignorance of the serious business world, and destroys her innocence and self-esteem. This disillusion marks the final destructive blow to her doll's house. Their ideal home including their marriage and parenting has been a fabrication for the sake of society. Nora's decision to leave this false life behind and discover for herself what is real is directly symbolic of woman's ultimate realization. Although she becomes aware of her supposed subordinateness, it is not because of this that she has the desire to take action. Nora is utterly confused, as suggested by Harold Clurman, "She is groping sadly in a maze of confused feeling toward a way of life and a destiny of which she is most uncertain (256)." The one thing she is aware of is her ignorance, and her desire to go out into the world is not to "prove herse lf" but to discover and educate herself. She must strive to find her individuality. That the perception of woman is inaccurate is also supported by the role of Torvald. Woman is believed to be subordinate to the domineering husband. Instead of being the strong supporter and protector of his family, Nora's husband is a mean and cowardly man. Worried about his reputation he cares little about his wife's feelings and fails to notice many of her needs. The popular impression of man is discarded in favor of a more realistic view, thus illustrating society's distorted views. Ibsen, through this controversial play, has an impact upon society's view of the subordinate position of women. By describing this role of woman, discussing its effects, and predicting a change in contemporary views, he stressed the importance of woman's realization of this believed inferiority. Woman should no longer be seen as the shadow of man, but a person in herself, with her own triumphs and tragedies. The exploration of Nora reveals that she is dependant upon her husband and displays no independent standing. Her progression of understanding suggests woman's future ability to comprehend their plight. Her state of shocked awareness at the end of the play is representative of the awakening of society to the changing view of the role of woman. "A Doll's House" magnificently illustrates the need f... ...le that Nora expects and the miracle that actually happens are entirely different. Nora dreams of the day that her husband will sympathize with her and cease to be the dominating figure with the "upper hand" in their relationship. She expects him to understand her struggles with the law and to be willing to take some of the blame himself. However, when he reacts to Krogstad's letter by exhibiting more dominance and control than ever before, Nora becomes more aware of her own individual needs as a woman in society. She understands that in order to be free, she must develop her own view of the world, by setting herself apart from the control and determinism that males have over her life. Therefore, Nora's decision to leave her husband and family is ironic because it proves to be the "miracle" she is waiting for, rather than the one she originally expected. Nora becomes a feminist heroine in the play by showing what women can achieve, but rarely attempt. The dete rminism that many men force on their women partners in society (in forms of control, dominance, and power) restricts the women's ability to strengthen as individuals, and gain their own self-determinism.

A Review about the movie “Raise Your Voice” Essay

This is about a young woman named, Terri Fletcher (Hillary Duff), who’s fond of singing to herself, but never in public. She is always afraid to raise her voice to the world. However, she and her brother, Paul Fletcher (Jason Ritter), is sharing the same dream, for Terri to be a famous and successful artist, so he secretly captured her talent and then sent it to California’s most famous music school. Paul was very excited about the application that he asked Terri to go and sneak with him to see a concert. On the way home, a truck hit them that killed Paul. Terri became very traumatic about it, especially when seeing a light ray; it reminds her of her brother’s death. She became very depressed about the incident that she blames herself of it. Until they received a letter from her dream school, saying that she was admitted and that, the school has offered her a spot to the following school year. Even though it’s her dream school and that every aspiring artist would die to be admitted to this school, she has no plan of accepting their offer, for she’s thinking that by accepting the offer could also mean that she’s betraying her brother to leave him alone, not knowing that her brother sent the application himself. But her parents told her that this could also be a good opportunity for her to take a break after everything that has happened. By pursuing her and her brother’s dream could also give her a way to be far from home, far from traumatic memories of her brother, to be freed from her guilt. She then, accepted the offer and went to California. She didn’t know what’s awaiting there for her but she’s hoping that somehow her brother will help her pursue their dreams. She brought nothing but her talent and her inspiration with her. She feels so alone, until she met Jay Corgan (Oliver James). He is also a student in California Music High School; he’s the first to approach Terri and helped her fix her arrangements in the school. She’s lucky to readily find a friend in a foreign place. He helped her in all things and together, they faced the challenges encountered. But, there came the time that she fail to meet her professors’ expectations and that she became hopeless of trying to do so. Then, her professor showed her something to cheer her up. It’s her brother’s video of her singing, supporting and cheering for her. She then, felt the tears in her eyes, and finally knew that it’s all because of her brother that everything came to pass, that she’s about to reach their dream. And that, her brother only wants the best for her. She’s lifted from her burdens and felt her brother’s love for her. From then on, she did her best to make up for her brother and that her brother’s efforts won’t be put to waste. Jay never left her through the journey to their dreams. But there’s still something that Terri needs to overcome. It’s her fear of light rays. She’s still suffering a trauma. It’s essential for her to overcome her trauma, for in order to perform on stage, lights are dawned on you! She couldn’t perform unless she overcome her weaknesses. In lined with this, there is a competition on campus and her professor is expecting the both of them, Terri and Jay, to join the competition. She feared that her weakness would lead them to failure, so she decided not to participate. However, Jay insisted that he’ll help her get over her trauma and let go of her guilt. Thinking of her brother again, she joined the competition with Jay and hoped that her brother will help her win the race. They rehearsed too hard and prepared for the competition. Then came the competition, everyone is furious about it, even her parents who’s aware of Terri’s fright of lights. They fear that she might freak out or collapse whenever that happens. But they are somewhat believing that she can do it and that Paul will help her in his own ways. And miracles  happened. When Terri and Jay’s turn came, lights were already dawned on them. She felt the trauma again and was frightened, she couldn’t sing. But suddenly, she saw her brother, smiling at him from the lights, cheering her up and let her know that he’s proud of her. The scenario lightened her feeling and took her trauma away. From then on, everything she do, she dedicates it to her brother, who first believed in her. And taught her how to raise her voice to the world!

Placenta Previa

Placenta Previa High Risk Pregnancy Placenta previa occurs when an embryo implants itself in the lower uterus and the developing placenta thereby implants low in the uterus and covers the internal cervical os. The previa can be complete, which involves the placenta covering the internal cervical os completely, or partial, which involves only a portion of the placenta covering the cervical os. The diagnosis is of placenta previa is often made in the second trimester by ultrasonography testing and is monitored for placental migration away from the os which occurs with uterine growth.Placenta previa in the second trimester puts the client at risk for developing vasa previa and thought to be a result of inflammatory atrophic changes to the placenta. In the third trimester, placenta previa is the leading cause of painless bleeding leading to hemorrhage. The bleeding occurs as the placental attachment is disrupted from thinning of the area as the cervix and uterus prepare for labor. Due to the location of the placenta, the uterus is unable to contract to stop the flow of blood from the vessels.When bleeding occurs, Thrombin is released and stimulates uterine contractions, which thereby disrupt the placental attachment from the uterus even more, causing increased bleeding and can eventually lead to hemorrhage (Joy, 2012). The incidence of placenta previa is in approximately one in 200 pregnancies, has a mortality rate of 0. 03%. Common risk factors include previous placenta previa, previous cesarean births, suction curettage for miscarriage, carrying more than one baby, delivery of six or more pregnancies, and tobacco or substance abuse (Perry, Hockenberry, Lowdermilk, & Wilson, 2010).For first time pregnancies, placenta previa occurs in about 1 in 1,500 pregnancies but the risk for women who have had more than five pregnancies increases to about 5 in 100 pregnancies.References: J oy, S. M. (2012, June 5). Placenta Previa. Retrieved September 29, 2012, from Medscape: emedicine. medscape. com/article/262063-overview#a0104 Perry, S. E. , Hockenberry, M. J. , Lowdermilk, D. L. , & Wilson, D. (2010). Maternal Child Nursing Care. Maryland Heights, MO: Elsevier.

How to Use Multimedia to Bolster Your Marketing Strategy [PODCAST]

How to Use Multimedia to Bolster Your Marketing Strategy [PODCAST] Some people learn best from reading, but others prefer to watch or listen to content. Although you probably put a lot of time into your blog, website, and other written marketing products, multimedia content is becoming increasingly more popular. Knowing where to begin and how to make the process more efficient just might be the key to your success as a marketer. Today, we’re talking to Ander Frischer, the marketing educator at Instapage. He’s going to share his insights on how he handles the process of creating multimedia content, plus a whole lot more. You won’t want to miss today’s episode! Some of the highlights of the show include: Information about Instapage, including their impressive conversion rate. A few tips on landing page advertising personalization and why A/B testing is so important. Why it’s so important to include multimedia content in any marketing strategy. How Ander integrated interactive multimedia content into the marketing strategy at Instapage and what he was hoping to achieve. How personalization has helped boost project results at Instapage. Some insights on the process for launching a webinar. Ander’s process for organizing a podcast. Tips for getting quality engagement from your listeners or readers. Ander’s best advice for someone who wants to get started with adding multimedia content to their marketing strategy. If you liked today’s show, please subscribe on iTunes to The Actionable Content Marketing Podcast! The podcast is also available on SoundCloud, Stitcher, and Google Play. Quotes by Ander: â€Å"I like to hold back from giving one-size-fits-all optimization tips because every business is different.† â€Å"A podcast is a great opportunity to cultivate relationships.† â€Å"The most rewarding thing about what I do is hearing from people.†

Comic Violence in the Advertisement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comic Violence in the Advertisement - Essay Example The case for displacement was made early on, wherein it was shown that it is a psychological determinant which is required to harness energies. It was given as a defense mechanism, which would actually redress the anxieties of the viewers, and help them appreciate reality in a better way. They endeavored to make a case advocating catharsis that this displacement helps ease things vis-Ã  -vis anger. This is incorrect because ironically, aggression itself is a venting-out mechanism and is unconsciously used by humans in response to an uncomforting stimulus. Now having a defense mechanism for a defense mechanism is just too perplexing for the cause of this simplistic thesis statement!Here is where the second issue of ‘anxiety’ comes in question. There are other defense mechanisms apart from displacements which are used by humans to put their anxieties to rest. Freud and other psychoanalysts have added since long to this list, and major mentions include sublimation, rationa lization, repression, regression, and actualization etc. Thus, giving total credit to ‘displacement’ as the sole caretaker of anxiety as an emotion is scientifically incorrect. Anxiety itself is not a psychological problem, and many specialists say that it is normal and recommended to have a bare minimum of it at given times. It is actually imminent whenever adrenaline is secreted, and hence its presence is unavoidable. However, the presentation does not appropriately study and tackle the incidence of anxiety itself, what causes it, what may be the remedies. It has been wrongly mixed with ‘frustration’ and ‘fear’ that is prevalent these days after the 9/11 scenario.‘Slapstick humor’ has sadly been confused with ‘violence’ many times in their presentation. They are very different entities, and cannot and should not be psychologically put at par. Also, its link to likeness (or otherwise) of a brand has not been scientifi cally established in their study. There has been no research which can directly prove that one is the cause of the other on their part.

Field Experience #5 Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Field Experience #5 Policy - Essay Example The challenges in evaluated are in a wider dimension linked to the interpretations in policies and guiding procedures for teacher evaluation. For effective evaluation, there is need to review the consistency of the policies with the state law to ascertain their legality and their entire separation from procedural requirements of teacher evaluation. From a general point of view, the policies are supposed to give guidance for procedures in the assessment to ensure legal consistency. A policy is simply a set of rules and principles which are used as a guide in decision making or procedural activities with the goals of the principles clearly stated. The teacher evaluation policy is part of Arizona’s education policies in which there are guidelines to teacher evaluation procedures. Policies are usually politically negotiated rules governing the entire operation of a system which in our case is teacher evaluation and must be consistent with the law. On the other hand teacher evaluation procedure is a set of guidelines agreed upon by professionals in the field on best practice in evaluating teachers for compliance to education policies. This might be the beginning of the trouble in understanding policy and procedural requirement of teacher evaluation because of some inconsistencies in the application of the two especially after the law changes in Arizona. In the Standards for Arizona Teachers we find more description of procedural activities in teacher evaluation and less of policy matters. It offers a criterion for judgment of good practice and indicators of teacher failure. As part of legislation we find the policies based on the old set of law on education but with the recent changes there is a lot that is inconsistent with the state law. Just to cite an example the law which is observed to discriminate against teachers whose first language is not English is contrary to what the policy covers under communication requirements of a teacher. In